Aim and Background: Thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme has been taken much into consideration due to its application in PCR and molecular biology researches and it has doubled the importance of the study on the various thermostable DNA polymerase. The purpose of this study was to assay the function and efficient production of the COLD sensitive thermostable DNA polymerase and its quick and cheap purification.Material and Methods: After synthesis of the designed gene artificially, it was cloned into the pET28 vector and then was transferred into E.coli. IPTG was used as an inducer in the study of gene expression. Initial purification of the enzyme was performed by heat treatment at 72oC and precipitation of other insoluble proteins by centrifuge. The DNA synthesis activity of crude extract was compared with commercial enzyme.Result: Recombinant COLD sensitive and thermostable Taq DNA polymerase expressed in E.coli showed a significant advantage and more desirable functionality such as activity and thermostable compared to commercial enzyme.Conclusion: With regard to importance and application level of thermostable DNA polymerase in molecular biology, the production method used in this study is practical and cost effective. Additionally, the simplicity of producing method of this enzyme and its accuracy is a good reason for artificial and local production of highly pure COLD sensitive Taq DNA polymerase.

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists. Intraoperative bleeding is a significant problem, which requires hemostasis and causes prolonged operative time. Several different techniques are used to perform this operation. The Ligasure Vessel Sealing System (LVSST) has been widely used in head and neck surgery because of its effectiveness and safety.Methods: This project was conducted at the department of otolaryngology of Besat Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. In this double-blinded clinical trial, 82 subjects, who were candidates for tonsillectomy and qualified in eligible criteria, were randomly assigned to 2 group of 41 subjects. Surgery was performed using Lvsst for one group and COLD knife dissection for the other group. Measured outcomes for efficacy and adverse effect were intraoperative blood loss, operation time, post-operative pain in visual analogue scale, and post-operative bleeding for28 days after surgery. The SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis.Results: Method of LVSST was significantly better than CKT in operation time and bleeding on the first day after surgery, yet, postoperative blood loss in the first week after surgery in LVSST group was significantly higher than the CKT group. Severity of sore throat after surgery with Ligasure was higher than CKT the group, however the difference was not significant. Intraoperative bleeding in the LVSST group was significantly lower than that of the CKT group (P=0.000).Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of respiratory symptoms LVSST was better than CKT in intraoperative (not post-operative) blood loss and operation time, yet there was no difference regarding postoperative pain. For workers with a history of allergies, this ratio is higher.

Today, many different methods are applied for the correct use of foods and to prevent their deterioration. Ensuring healthy conditions for people in food consumption and consumption of healthy foods is very important for human welfare. In this study, food spoilage, the factors that cause food spoilage, its effects on a global basis, food transport systems (COLD chain) and measures that prevent or delay food spoilage are discussed.

In order to determine of potential forage productivity of COLD-region alfalfa ecotypes and introduce superior ecotype for each location, this experiment was conducted with 17 ecotypes in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication in 5 locations include Karaj, Esfahan, Tabriz, Mashad and Hamedan for 4 years during 2004-2008. Significant differences were found among total mean of fresh, dry forage yield, plant height in harvesting and leaf to stem ratio among tested locations. However, ecotypes have significant differences for fresh and dry forage yield. Also for all traits except dry forage yield, significant differences were found among three years. Interaction effects were significant especially for yields. Regarding to results, Esfahan with 124.76 and 27.25T/ha for fresh and dry forage yield was the best location corresponding to forage productivity. Three superior ecotypes corresponding to fresh and dry forage yield, plant height and leaf to stem ratio in all locations and years were as follows: Silvana, Galebani and Rahnani with 67.63, 67.22 and 66.98 T/ha for fresh forage yield, Ghahavand, Kozareh and Silvana with 18.69, 18.47 and 18.44 T/ha for dry forage yield, Galebani, Silvana and Sahandava with 72.06, 70.00 and 69.70 centimeter for plant height in harvesting and Silvana, Sahandava and Malek-kandi with 1.04, 1.02 and 1.02 for leaf to stem ratio respectively.

Introduction: Chickpea is the most important field crop among food legumes in Iran. According to the published statistic by agricultural ministry of Iran, cultivation area of chickpea varies between 550– 900 thousand hectares that more than of 90% them cultivated under dryland condition. More than 63% of country has COLD and higher COLD climates and more than 60% of drylands in Iran located in COLD and highlands where temperature declines to-25° C in some years, with continues COLD duration (more than 100 days per year). Reports show that the yield of chickpea is low in COLD areas (about 500 kg. ha-1) because of the spring planting and lack COLD tolerant cultivars suitable for autumn planting. In COLD regions that absolute minimum temperature in winter reaches under-6° C till-12° C, studies showed that it may be complete damage occurrence if chickpea planted in autumn. Studies showed that planting of COLD tolerance varieties increased the yield of chickpea almost twice. Hence, screening chickpea germplasms for COLD tolerance will help to release new COLD tolerant cultivars. The literature review suggests that most studies related to the evaluation and screening of chickpea COLD tolerance were done under natural conditions (field), but the spatial and temporal variation in the weather under such circumstances may lead to different results. Researchers reported that using from controlled condition for screening COLD tolerance genotypes in chickpea germplasm would prevent seasonal restrictions, saving time and increasing the accuracy of studies while eliminating unwanted factors. Materials and Methods: In order to study on COLD tolerance of 33 Kabuli chickpea genotypes along with three controls (Saral, ILC 533 and Jam), this study carried out in square lattice design (6×6) with two replications under controlled condition (COLD room) at Maragheh Dryland Agricultural Research Station, during growing season 2014-2015. Ten seeds of each genotype after surface sterilized with fungicide (Benomile with 0. 015%) planted in five cm depth in planting boxes (100×80×25 cm) at early autumn (29 September). In order to simulation of natural growth condition in autumn and acclimation of seedlings, planted boxes incubated outside of green house. Number of germinated seeds was recorded and seedling of genotypes at six-week stage, incubated in COLD room. The temperature of COLD room decreased two degrees in each hour up to minus 15° C and seedlings remained for one hour at this temperature. A thin layer of ice nucleation active bacteria sprayed on the surface of seedlings at-2° C in order to establish ice nucleation and prevent ultra-freezing of seedlings. Then temperature increased up to 4° C for three days and boxes transferred to green house for two weeks under 20± 3° C. Frost resistance ratios (FRR) of genotypes calculated and analyzed. According to other studies and reports the genotypes with 0. 91-1 and 0. 81-0. 90 FRR classified in highly resistance and resistance groups, respectively. Results and Discussion: Results showed that there was significant (p ≤ 0. 01) differences in frost resistance ratio (FRR) among the investigated genotypes. Lines 14 (Flip98-138C* SEL99TER85074)*Sel. 99th. 15039, 28 (FLIP 00-84 C) and Saral cultivar had the highest FRR (100, 98 and 89 survived percentage, respectively) among the genotypes. Also Kaka cultivar and line 12 (Flip 98-28C*Flip 98-22C)* ICCV2 had the lowest frost tolerance among the studied genotypes. About 30% of genotypes could tolerate the frost damage, for example, genotypes 14 and 28 had between 0. 9-1. 0 ratio, whereas, the FRR of susceptible check (ILC533) was 0. 13. Conclusions: The existence of wide range of diversity for frost resistance among the studied germplasm would be useful to introduce new tolerant chickpea cultivars with autumn-sown potential. Moreover, the tolerance of Saral cultivar to frost stress, its cultivation under COLD dryland regions could be recommended as the first frost tolerant variety in the country.